A review of the ocean science and technology partnership between US and Korea     

Dong-Oh Cho  Mary Anne Whitcomb 《Marine Policy》2008

In 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Integrated Coastal and Ocean Resources Scientific and Technical Arrangement was signed to pursue scientific and technical cooperation in integrated coastal and ocean resources management in the mutual interest of the participants. Over the last 6 years, the cooperation has been very beneficial, particularly for advancing marine science and management programs in Korea, such as Deep Sea Aquaculture, Sea Grant College Program, Marine Protected Areas, and Ocean Observations. The benefits to NOAA from the cooperation include Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) buoys, ocean and coastal observations, GEOSS program, and Global Program of Action. Also the cooperation has spillover effects on other ocean science and technological arrangement between US and Korea. This article reviews purpose, obstacles, and achievement of the cooperation and suggests recommendations for the future steps.  相似文献   

Managing by principle: A critical analysis of the European principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

John McKenna  Andrew Cooper  Anne Marie O&#x;Hagan 《Marine Policy》2008,32(6):941-955

A set of eight principles is contained in the European Recommendation on Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The principles have been adopted with the minimum of critical review. The six core principles form two groups, one concerned with strategic goals and one that has a local focus. The principles are presented as a menu of free-standing options, with no prioritization either within or between groups. This can produce irreconcilable differences in strategy. The principles require clarification, prioritization of the strategic principles and recognition that they are an indivisible integrated set which should not be used to select principles to advance a particular agenda.  相似文献   

On the optimal siting of cubic kilometre scale neutrino telescope infrastructure on the deep-sea floor     

Tomasz Niedzielski  Imants G. Priede  Anne Holford 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2009,30(4):217-227

The aim of this paper is to propose an approach for optimal siting of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope on the sea floor. The method is based on Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analyses and cost assessment. GIS techniques initially aim to derive depth and slope characteristics of the sea floor, and estimate the distance from shore. Subsequently, GIS methods are used to pre-select sites meeting the KM3NeT infrastructure criteria. Finally, the candidate locations are evaluated in terms of cost estimation. A convex combination of instantaneous cost functions (ICFs) is applied and different weighting factors are allowed to account for dissimilar importance of the considered variables. The ICFs are indexed by a parameter β to assign different cost characteristics to different variables. The overall assessment is based on the comparison of costs computed for the candidate sites assuming many configurations of weights and β values. Our exercise uses a simulated numerical bathymetry to avoid a site-specific evaluation at the initial stage of the KM3NeT project. Hence, no recommendations as to the real locations of the neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea are addressed. Our approach is found to serve well in the process of comparing costs between different candidate sites.  相似文献   

Mapping fisheries in the German exclusive economic zone with special reference to offshore Natura 2000 sites     

Søren Anker Pedersen  Heino O. Fock  Anne F. Sell 《Marine Policy》2009

Large intensity and diversity of human activities result in an increase in complexity in the utilization of space. This paper describes the fisheries and a method to map fishing efforts and catches of different fleets by combining vessel monitoring system (VMS) data and logbook data. The method makes it possible to explore the spatial and temporal variability of fishing and the potential impacts of proposed management measures on the fisheries. The method is proposed to be used in the development of management plans for marine protected areas such as Natura 2000 sites, designated to protect vulnerable habitats and species.  相似文献   

Effects of local meteorology and aerosols on ozone and nitrogen dioxide retrievals from OMI and pandora spectrometers in Maryland,USA during DISCOVER-AQ 2011     

Andra J. Reed  Anne M. Thompson  Debra E. Kollonige  Douglas K. Martins  Maria A. Tzortziou  Jay R. Herman  Timothy A. Berkoff  Nader K. Abuhassan  Alexander Cede 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2015,72(3-4):455-482

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Parasitic barnacles (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) from New Zealand off‐shore waters     

J⊘rgen Lützen  Henrik Glenner  Anne‐Nina Lörz 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):613-621

Nine genera and species of rhizocephalans were recorded from the off‐shore waters around New Zealand. Mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences were used to examine base differences between the European and New Zealand species of Parthenopea. Serial sections to study the internal structures of the reproductive organs were made for the genera Thylacoplethus and Thompsonia. Two species, Parthenopea australis n. sp. and Thylacoplethus novaezealandiae n. sp. are new to science and described in detail. Parthenopea australis n. sp. is the first rhizocephalan species recorded from the vicinity of active cold seeps. Three rhizocephalans could not be identified as they were parasitised by hyperparasitic cryptoniscine isopods. The decapodhost species comprised the taxa Paguridae, Lithodidae, Galatheidae, Chirostylidae, and Callianassidae.  相似文献   

Experimental determination of magnesium isotope fractionation during higher plant growth   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Emile B. Bolou-Bi  Anne Poszwa  Nathalie Vigier 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(9):2523-6026

Two higher plant species (rye grass and clover) were cultivated under laboratory conditions on two substrates (solution, phlogopite) in order to constrain the corresponding Mg isotope fractionations during plant growth and Mg uptake. We show that bulk plants are systematically enriched in heavy isotopes relative to their nutrient source. The Δ²⁶Mg_plant-source range from 0.72‰ to 0.26‰ for rye grass and from 1.05‰ to 0.41‰ for clover. Plants grown on phlogopite display Mg isotope signatures (relative to the Mg source) ∼0.3‰ lower than hydroponic plants. For a given substrate, rye grass display lower δ²⁶Mg (by ∼0.3‰) relative to clover. Magnesium desorbed from rye grass roots display a δ²⁶Mg greater than the nutrient solution. Adsorption experiments on dead and living rye grass roots also indicate a significant enrichment in heavy isotopes of the Mg adsorbed on the root surface. Our results indicate that the key processes responsible for heavy isotope enrichment in plants are located at the root level. Both species also exhibit an enrichment in light isotopes from roots to shoots (Δ²⁶Mg_leaf-root = −0.65‰ and −0.34‰ for rye grass and clover grown on phlogopite respectively, and Δ²⁶Mg_leaf-root of −0.06‰ and −0.22‰ for the same species grown hydroponically). This heavy isotope depletion in leaves can be explained by biological processes that affect leaves and roots differently: (1) organo-Mg complex (including chlorophyll) formation, and (2) Mg transport within plant. For both species, a positive correlation between δ²⁶Mg and K/Mg was observed among the various organs. This correlation is consistent with the link between K and Mg internal cycles, as well as with formation of organo-magnesium compounds associated with enrichment in heavy isotopes. Considering our results together with the published range for δ²⁶Mg of natural plants and rivers, we estimate that a significant change in continental vegetation would induce a change of the mean river δ²⁶Mg that is comparable to analytical uncertainties.  相似文献   

Postglacial vegetation history of Mitkof Island, Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska     

Thomas A. Ager  Paul E. Carrara  Victoria Anne  Joni Johnson 《Quaternary Research》2010,73(2):259-462

An AMS radiocarbon-dated pollen record from a peat deposit on Mitkof Island, southeastern Alaska provides a vegetation history spanning ∼12,900 cal yr BP to the present. Late Wisconsin glaciers covered the entire island; deglaciation occurred > 15,400 cal yr BP. The earliest known vegetation to develop on the island (∼12,900 cal yr BP) was pine woodland (Pinus contorta) with alder (Alnus), sedges (Cyperaceae) and ferns (Polypodiaceae type). By ∼12,240 cal yr BP, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) began to colonize the island while pine woodland declined. By ∼11,200 cal yr BP, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) began to spread across the island. Sitka spruce-mountain hemlock forests dominated the lowland landscapes of the island until ∼10,180 cal yr BP, when western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) began to colonize, and soon became the dominant tree species. Rising percentages of pine, sedge, and sphagnum after ∼7100 cal yr BP may reflect an expansion of peat bog habitats as regional climate began to shift to cooler, wetter conditions. A decline in alders at that time suggests that coastal forests had spread into the island's uplands, replacing large areas of alder thickets. Cedars (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata) appeared on Mitkof Island during the late Holocene.  相似文献   

Heat capacity, entropy, and magnetic properties of jarosite-group compounds     

Juraj Majzlan  Peter Glasnák  Robert A. Fisher  Mary Anne White  Michel B. Johnson  Brian Woodfield  Juliana Boerio-Goates 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2010,37(9):635-651

Jarosite phases are common minerals in acidic, sulfate-rich environments. Here, we report heat capacities (C _p) and standard entropies (S°) for a number of jarosite samples. Most samples are close to the nominal composition AFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆, where A = K, Na, Rb, and NH₄. One of the samples has a significant number of defects on the Fe sites and is called the defect jarosite; others are referred to as A-jarosite. The samples, their compositions, and the entropies at T = 298.15 K are:

Sample	Chemical composition	S o/(J mol−1 K−1)
K-jarosite	K0.92(H3O)0.08Fe2.97(SO4)2(OH)5.90(H2O)0.10	427.4 ± 0.7
Na-jarosite	Na0.95(H3O)0.05Fe3.00(SO4)2(OH)6.00	436.4 ± 4.4
Rb-jarosite	RbFe2.98(SO4)2(OH)5.95(H2O)0.05	411.9 ± 4.1
NH4-jarosite	(NH4)0.87(H3O)0.13Fe3.00(SO4)2(OH)6.00	447.2 ± 4.5
Defect jarosite	K0.94(H3O)0.06Fe2.34(SO4)2(OH)4.01(H2O)1.99	412.7 ± 4.1

There are additional configurational entropies of 13.14 and 8.23 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ in defect and NH₄-jarosite, respectively. A detailed analysis of the synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns showed a large anisotropic peak broadening for defect and NH₄-jarosite. The fits to the low-temperature (approx. <12 K) C _p data showed that our samples can be divided into two groups. The first group is populated by the K-, Na-, Rb-, and NH₄-jarosite samples, antiferromagnetic at low temperatures. The second group contains the H₃O-jarosite (studied previously) and the defect jarosite. H₃O- and defect jarosite are spin glasses and their low-T C _p was fit with the expression C _p = γT + ΣB _j T _j , where j = (3, 5, 7, 9). The linear term is typical for spin glasses and the sum represents the lattice contribution to C _p. Surprisingly, the C _p of the K-, Na-, Rb-, and NH₄-jarosite samples, which are usually considered to be antiferromagnetic at low temperatures, also contains a large linear term. This finding suggests that even these phases do not order completely, but have a partial spin-glass character below their Néel transition temperature.  相似文献   

Mobility of potentially harmful metals in latosols impacted by the municipal solid waste deposit of Londrina,Brazil     

Raquel Souza Teixeira  Philippe Cambier  Regina Davison Dias  José Paulo Peccinini Pinese  Anne Jaulin-Soubelet 《Applied Geochemistry》2010

The contamination of soils by metals issuing from municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in tropical environments has hardly been studied with regard to the particular problems associated with them, i.e., generally a high permeability of soils despite the abundance of clay, and the role of reactive Fe compounds. From a previous geotechnical and chemical survey, three latosol profiles differently affected by MSW leachates in the region of Londrina (Paraná, Brazil) were selected. The aims were to evaluate the extent of their contamination, to better understand the fate of potentially harmful metals in tropical soils and rank the determining factors. Samples between 0.5 and 7 m depth were analyzed for their physical, mineralogical and chemical properties, and their micro-morphology was described by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Two steps of a sequential extraction procedure helped to assess the mobility of elements and to better discriminate between metals originating from pedogenesis and issued from MSW. These combined approaches showed that exposed soil profiles have been impacted at various depths, down to 7 m, through increased metal content, especially enhanced mobility of Zn, Co, Mn, Cu and Fe, and through increased salinity and organic matter. The mobility of potentially harmful metals should decrease with pH, which significantly increased in some impacted horizons, but other factors can reverse this trend.  相似文献